Bald Eagles In Arizona Logo - Top Of Page

INTRODUCTION

Observations of bald eagles in Arizona are mentioned in the literature from as early as 1866 by Coues in the vicinity of Fort Whipple (now Prescott), and in 1875 by Henshaw south of Fort Apache. Bald eagle bones dated from 700 to 1300 AD were found in the Wupatki Pueblo along the Little Colorado River near Grand Falls (Hargrave 1939). These remains suggest bald eagles may have been present in Arizona for centuries, although it is possible that the bones resulted from trading with other regions.

The first breeding record was from a tree nest near Stoneman's Lake on the Mogollon Plateau. Cited records of two nests in saguaro cacti on the lower Verde River in 1937 and a nesting pair on the Little Colorado River in 1951. Phillips et al. (1964) reported nesting from the 1930s to 1960s on the Salt and Verde Rivers, including pairs breeding during 1930-1936 near Saguaro Lake, since the early 1940s near Bartlett Reservoir, and in the free-flowing Salt River Canyon in 1935, 1944, and 1949. Nesting was also observed on the Tonto Arm of Roosevelt Reservoir from 1951-55. Additional records in the 1950s and 1960s are from Canyon Lake and the mouth and upper Verde River.


APPEARANCE

Adult Bald Eagle Photo - Profile Adult females are larger than males (reverse sexual dimorphism), and northern, cooler climate bald eagles are bigger than those in southern warmer climates (Bergmann’s Rule). Length of bald eagles varies from 28 to 38 inches, wingspread is 66 to 96 inches, and weight is from 6.5 to 14 pounds. A comparison study of breeding bald eagles from Alaska, California, and Wyoming, showed that Arizona's male bald eagles were significantly smaller in 81 percent of the cases and females in 61 percent

The bald eagle's sub-adult plumage is one of the most varied of all North American birds. A one year old bald eagle looks similar to a golden eagle. Flight feathers are typically black, while the outer-wing coverts, breast, leg, and head feathers tend to be brown. Under-wing coverts, secondary flight feathers, wing pits, and tail are brown and mottled with white. During their second year, belly feathers lighten, sometimes appearing completely white. During their third year, the brown eye and gray beak turn cream and yellow respectively. The crown of the head also lightens, giving the bald eagle and eye stripe similar to an osprey. At four years of age, bald eagles retain their eye stripe, but the rest of the head turns white, the eye cream, and the beak yellow. The tail will also change to white, except for brown mottling near the base and tip. The wings, breast, and belly become brown.

The adult plumage of a bald eagle is well known. At five years, they typically have a white head and tail, cream eye, and yellow beak. The body is brown, talon black, and the feet and legs are a featherless yellow. Some Arizona bald eagles have retained the eye stripe and brown mottling on the crown of the head and tail into their seventh year.

Photos and more information about the different plumage stages of the Bald Eagle can be found here.


BREEDING AREAS (BAs)

Bald Eagle Nest In Tree - Sunset Photo Arizona bald eagles place their nests within a mile of a creek, lake, or river, however there are rare exceptions. Nests are placed mostly on cliff edges, rock pinnacles, and in cottonwood trees, however, artificial structures, junipers, pinyon pines, sycamores, willows, ponderosa pines, and snags of these trees also have housed eagle nests.

Bald eagle breeding areas vary in size depending on the resources available and proximity of other breeding areas. Territory size, nest location, and resources are affected by availability of nest sites (cliffs, pinnacles, trees), the water system (regulated/unregulated river and/or impounded lake), and/or diversity and abundance of food. Breeding areas on the regulated lower Verde River are the densest in the states with eight Breeding Areas downstream of Bartlett Dam above the Salt River confluence. At impounded lakes (Alamo, Pleasant, San Carlos) where few fish exist in the source stream, they tend to forage within the lake's boundaries.


DISTRIBUTION

Nearly all BAs are in the central part of the state along the Salt and Verde Rivers (two are in the east-central mountains). Nests are located on lands managed by the Arizona Game and Fish Department, Arizona State Land Department, McDowell Indian Community, Maricopa County Parks and Recreation Department, Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community, San Carlos Apache Tribe, US Bureau of Land Management, US Bureau of Reclamation, US Forest Service, White Mountain Apache Tribe, and private landowners. While these agencies have primary land management responsibility, these and other agencies (Arizona State Parks, Army Corps of Engineers, National Park Service, Salt River Project, US Department of Defense, US Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Fish and Wildlife Service and Hopi Tribe) along with the general public are engaged in assuring the continued existence of the bald eagle in Arizona.


NESTING CHRONOLOGY

Bald Eagle Nest High up In Tree Photo Arizona bald eagles tend to breed earlier in the year in comparison to northern populations. They lay one to three eggs from December to March, but mostly in January and February. The eggs take 35 days to hatch with the female and male taking turns incubating. Nestlings fledge at approximately 12 weeks after hatching (May and June) and are completely dependent upon the adults for food until they migrate north.

About 45 days after leaving the nest, the young migrate to Canada and the Northwest; northern California, Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. Two and three year old bald eagles also migrate annually to these destinations. It is unknown where non-breeding four year old and adult bald eagles travel to in late spring and summer. One to three year-old sub-adults return to Arizona in September and October. Resident adults will stay in their breeding areas year-round, although local short-term migrations are common.


FOOD HABITS
Bald Eagle Photo - Outstretched Talons Over Lake
Bald eagles primarily eat fish, but they will also eat birds, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, carrion (dead animals), and carcasses of large mammals (cows, elk, deer, etc.). The most common fish eaten are Sonora and desert suckers; channel and flathead catfish; common carp; largemouth, smallmouth, yellow, and white bass; and black crappie. Less common are roundtail chub, green sunfish, bluegill, tilapia, and rainbow trout.

WINTERING POPULATION

During the winter, bald eagles migrating from the north are found in a variety of habitats throughout the state. The winter bald eagles will follow the freeze line south to find more available prey items. Large numbers are common at lakes and rivers along the Mogollon Rim and east throughout the White Mountains. Bald eagles are not regularly found in large concentrations, but occasionally 30 or more bald eagles are present around Mormon lake, Upper and Lower Lake Mary, and on San Carlos Reservoir. Annual winter counts in January yield information on the numbers of individuals, their age classes and the winter habitats they use. Through 115 standardized routes, completed by state and federal agencies, Native American Tribes, and private groups, about 300 wintering bald eagles are counted each year.

ARIZONA'S STATUS AND MANAGEMENT

Bald Eagle Nest Photo - In Saguaro Cactus The Arizona Game and Fish Department has included the bald eagle on its draft list of Wildlife of Special Concern, replacing the Threatened Native Wildlife in Arizona. The list provides policy guidance to state and federal agencies and the public on management priorities. It does not provide specific legal or regulatory protection for listed species. However, as with all native wildlife in Arizona, the general provisions of Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 17 protects bald eagles and all threatened and endangered species

Over 50 bald eagle breeding areas are known in Arizona. Most wildlife biologists believe the distribution and abundance of breeding Arizona bald eagles has improved largely due to intensive management. Some of the threats that led to listing the species (recreational human activity, development, loss of habitat, etc.) have not diminished, but have increased. For a listing of the productivity summaries of bald eagle breeding areas from 1971 to 2007, click here.

Key management programs, projects, and committees developed during the past two decades have been critical factors in improving and maintaining the species status; the Arizona Bald Eagle Nestwatch Program, the Southwestern Bald Eagle Management Committee, the Arizona Bald Eagle Nest Search, and Occupancy and Reproduction Assessment helicopter flights. Without these efforts, management actions (i.e. seasonal breeding area closures), and attention to habitat, Arizona breeding bald eagles may not retain their current distribution and abundance.

NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Bald eagles nest near the coast, on inland lakes, or rivers. Alaska and Canada have the largest breeding populations, totaling about 4,800 pairs. In the lower 48 states, as few as 1757 pairs existed in 1984, increasing to just more than 4000 pairs in1994, and over 5,700 in 1999.


NATIONAL STATUS AND PROTECTION:

Bald Eagle Photo - Profile Red, White and Blue Frame The US Fish and Wildlife Service classified the bald eagle in 1978 as endangered in 43 states (including Arizona) and threatened in five others. The species was not listed in Alaska and it does not occur in Hawaii. In 1995, the species was down-listed to threatened in all recovery regions of the lower 48 states. In 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove the bald eagle from the federal threatened and endangered species list nationwide. The bald eagle was delisted from the Endangered Species Act in 2007.

Currently, the bald eagle retains protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Lacey Act, the Airborne Hunting Act, and the general provisions of Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 17. A recovery plan has guided management of the southwestern population of bald eagles since 1982 (Arizona, New Mexico, California along the west bank of the Colorado River where it borders Arizona, and Texas and Oklahoma west of the 100th meridian.)